Validity and cardio-metabolic risk profiles of DNA methylation clocks among adults in south-central Côte d’Ivoire

Table 1 Phenotypic profile of included participants of the CoDuBu study in south-central Côte d’Ivoire

Phenotype	Subphenotype	N (%)	Mean (SD)
Chronological age (years)	All		41.5 (13.1)
Sex	Females	189 (48.1)
Sex	Males	204 (51.9)
Formal education	None	190 (48.3)
	Primary	90 (22.9)
	Secondary or tertiary	113 (28.8)
Household wealth index	All		− 0.3 (3.2)
Area	Rural	215 (54.7)
Area	Urban	178 (45.3)
Smoking status	Never-smoker	333 (84.7)
	Former smoker	29 (7.4)
	Current smoker	31 (7.9)
Alcohol consumption score (AUDIT-C) ^a	All		1.2 (2.0)
	Low risk	239 (60.8)
	Moderate risk	89 (22.7)
	High risk	65 (16.5)
Physical activity (MVPA; min·week⁻¹) ^b	All		2447 (999)
	Sufficient activity	387 (98.5)
	Insufficient activity	6 (1.5)
Body mass index (BMI; kg·m⁻²) ^c	All		23.3 (4.1)
	Underweight	28 (7.1)
	Normal weight	264 (67.2)
	Overweight	71 (18.1)
	Obese	30 (7.6)
Metabolic syndrome components ^d	Central obesity	100 (25.4)
	Raised blood pressure	123 (31.3)
	Impaired fasting glucose	220 (56.0)
	Low HDL-cholesterol	196 (49.9)
	High triglycerides	32 (8.1)
Metabolic syndrome severity ^e	All		1.7 (1.1)
	0	51 (13.0)
	1	132 (33.6)
	2	123 (31.3)
	3	59 (15.0)
	4	24 (6.1)
	5	4 (1.0)
Metabolic syndrome	≥ 3 components	87 (22.1)

AUDIT-C alcohol-use disorder identification test-consumption, CoDuBu Côte d’Ivoire dual burden of disease study, HDL high-density lipoprotein, MVPA moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, N (%) count and frequency of variable, SD standard deviation
^aAUDIT-C score classification for risky alcohol consumption (males): 0–4 (low); 5–7 (moderate); 8–12 (high). Females: 0–3 (low); 4–7 (moderate); 8–12 (high)
^bInsufficient physical activity defined as having less than 150 min per week of MVPA
^cBMI classification: < 18.5 (underweight), 18.5–24.9 (normal weight), 25–29.9 (overweight), ≥ 30 (obesity)
^dCentral obesity defined as having a waist circumference ≥ 94 cm (males) and ≥ 80 cm (females). Raised blood pressure defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 135 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or use of blood pressure-lowering medication or having clinician-diagnosed hypertension. Impaired fasting glucose defined as having fasting glucose ≥ 5.6 or presence of clinician-diagnosed diabetes or use of glucose-lowering medication. Low HDL was defined as < 1.0 mmol·L⁻¹ and < 1.3 mmol L⁻¹ in males and females, respectively, whereas high triglycerides was defined as ≥ 1.7 mmol L⁻¹
^eDegree of severity defined by accumulation of number of metabolic syndrome components described above

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