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Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the study

From: Potential DNA methylation biomarkers for the detection of clear cell renal cell carcinoma identified by a whole blood-based epigenome-wide association study

 

Discovery phase

Replication phase

 

ccRCC

TMM

p-value

ccRCC

TMM

p-value

Participants

50

50

–

48

48

–

Male, N (%)

38 (76.0)

38 (76.0)

–

37 (77.1)

37 (77.1)

–

Age (in years, mean ± SD)

61.1 ± 12.3

61.0 ± 12.4

0.974

64.1 ± 10.7

64.5 ± 10.4

0.855

BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)

23.8 ± 3.7

24.6 ± 4.5

0.328

23.8 ± 3.2

23.3 ± 3.0

0.431

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2, mean ± SD)

72.5 ± 18.9

79.2 ± 21.1

0.100

62.3 ± 16.7

74.3 ± 16.3

5.73.E-04

SBP (mmHg, mean ± SD)

128.0 ± 16.3

132.5 ± 16.7

0.173

132.6 ± 21.7

134.0 ± 17.8

0.727

DBP (mmHg, mean ± SD)

74.6 ± 11.6

79.0 ± 11.3

0.059

73.7 ± 12.7

76.6 ± 10.9

0.231

HbA1c (%, mean ± SD)

6.2 ± 0.9

5.4 ± 0.5

4.14.E-05

6.1 ± 1.2

5.6 ± 0.5

0.045

HDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

50.2 ± 23.0

54.3 ± 15.3

0.480

47.4 ± 14.6

61.9 ± 17.3

0.006

LDL (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

111.0 ± 35.1

119.5 ± 26.3

0.666

135.4 ± 27.2

114.3 ± 27.4

0.161

TC (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

182.6 ± 44.2

201.8 ± 30.4

0.020

195.5 ± 41.9

203.9 ± 40.6

0.366

TG (mmol/L, mean ± SD)

110.0 ± 60.9

128.7 ± 84.0

0.226

156.3 ± 96.8

134.8 ± 70.6

0.318

Smoking status

 Current smoker, N (%)

13 (26.0)

7 (14.0)

0.134

11 (22.9)

8 (16.7)

0.442

 Former smoker, N (%)

19 (38.0)

27 (54.0)

0.108

19 (39.6)

20 (41.7)

0.835

 Nonsmoker, N (%)

17 (34.0)

16 (32.0)

0.832

18 (37.5)

20 (41.7)

0.676

Alcohol drinking status

 Currently drinking, N (%)

24 (48.0)

33 (66.7)

0.663

23 (47.9)

30 (62.5)

0.633

Comorbidities, N (%)

 Chronic kidney disease

15 (30.0)

10 (20.0)

0.224

19 (39.6)

10 (20.8)

0.045

 Hypertension

29 (58.0)

25 (50.0)

0.422

23 (47.9)

20 (41.7)

0.477

 Dyslipidemia

10 (20.0)

22 (44.0)

0.025

16 (33.3)

17 (35.4)

0.279

 Diabetes mellitus

13 (26.0)

9 (18.0)

5.03.E-03

10 (20.8)

11 (22.9)

0.191

Pathological ccRCC stage, N (%)

 Stage I

17 (34.0)

–

–

24 (50.0)

–

–

 Stage II

2 (4.0)

–

–

2 (4.2)

–

–

 Stage III

16 (32.0)

–

–

7 (14.6)

–

–

 Stage IV

15 (30.0)

–

–

3 (6.3)

–

–

 N.A.

0 (0.0)

–

–

12 (25.0)a

–

–

  1. ccRCC clear cell renal cell carcinoma, TMM healthy controls, BMI body mass index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglyceride, TC total cholesterol, SD standard deviation, N.A. not available. Chronic kidney disease is defined as an eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Hypertension was defined as (1) blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg, (2) currently receiving medical treatment for hypertension, or (3) taking antihypertensive drugs. Dyslipidemia is defined as (1) LDL cholesterol ≥140 mg/dL, (2) HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, (3) triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, or (4) currently receiving medical treatment for dyslipidemia. Diabetes is defined as (1) casual blood glucose level of ≥ 200 mg/dL, (2) HbA1c level of ≥ 6.5%, or (3) currently receiving medical treatment for diabetes. A statistically significant difference is defined as P < 0.05 (paired t-test or Pearson’s chi-square test). aThe exact cancer stage is unknown because the ccRCC patient underwent surgery outside of the NCC Hospital
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Epigenetics Communications

ISSN: 2730-7034