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Table 3 Sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of epigenetic age acceleration in the CoDuBu study, south-central Côte d’Ivoire

From: Validity and cardio-metabolic risk profiles of DNA methylation clocks among adults in south-central Côte d’Ivoire

Model

Risk factor

IEAA

EEAA

PhenoAA

GrimAA

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

β (95% CI)

1

Female

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Male

1.60 (0.51, 2.69)**

2.94 (1.45, 4.44)***

0.52 (− 0.93, 1.97)

2.72 (1.99, 3.44)***

2

Primary education or less

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Higher education

0.66 (− 0.72, 2.04)

− 0.45 (− 2.31, 1.41)

− 0.08 (− 1.80, 1.95)

− 0.03 (− 0.95, 0.89)

2

Lower wealth tertiles

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Highest wealth tertile

− 0.54 (− 2.01, 0.94)

− 1.94 (− 3.93, 0.06)*

− 2.16 (− 4.17, − 0.15)**

− 0.54 (− 1.53, 0.44)

2

Rural area

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Urban area

0.79 (− 0.57, 2.13)

− 1.38 (− 3.19, 0.44)

− 0.68 (− 2.49, 1.13)

0.15 (− 0.75, 1.05)

3

Never-smokers

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ever-smokers

0.36 (− 1.34, 2.06)

− 1.56 (− 3.85, 0.74)

1.44 (− 0.80, 3.67)

3.45 (2.37, 4.53)***

3

Low-risk drinking (AUDIT-C)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

High-risk drinking

0.54 (− 0.63, 1.71)

0.44 (− 1.14, 2.01)

1.52 (− 0.01, 3.06)*

0.78 (0.04, 1.52)**

3

Physical activity (min·week−1)

− 0.50 (− 1.10, 0.09)*

0.04 (− 0.76, 0.85)

− 0.11 (− 0.89, 0.68)

− 0.06 (− 0.44, 0.31)

3

More active thirds c

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Least active third

0.62 (− 0.65, 1.88)

0.03 (− 1.67, 1.73)

0.29 (− 1.37, 1.94)

0.29 (− 0.52, 1.09)

4

Body mass index [BMI] (kg·m−2)

0.05 (− 0.55, 0.64)

0.26 (− 0.55, 1.06)

0.43 (− 0.35, 1.22)

− 0.12 (− 0.50, 0.25)

4

BMI < 25

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

BMI ≥ 25

0.15 (− 1.21, 1.51)

0.37 (− 1.46, 2.20)

0.10 (− 1.68, 1.88)

0.03 (− 0.83, 0.89)

  1. AUDIT-C alcohol-use disorder identification test-consumption, β beta-coefficient, CI, confidence interval, CoDuBu Côte d’Ivoire dual burden of disease study, EEAA extrinsic epigenetic age acceleration, GrimAA GrimAge acceleration, IEAA intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration, PhenoAA PhenoAge acceleration. Rural area represents Amani-Ménou and Tokohiri whereas urban area represents Taabo-Cité
  2. aHigh-risk consumption defined as AUDIT-C score > 3 (females) or > 4 (males), whereas low-risk consumption is defined as scoring less than the aforementioned scores. Beta-coefficients represent change in mean age acceleration in each risk group compared to a reference group, or per standard deviation increase in risk factor (physical activity and BMI). *p value < 0.1. **p < 0.05. ***p < 0.001
  3. Precision of estimates stable in fully adjusted Model 4
  4. Model 1 Adjusted for chronological age
  5. Model 2 Model 1 + education, household wealth and urbanization
  6. Model 3 Model 2 + smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Linear and categorical estimates for physical activity were derived from separate models
  7. Model 4 Model 3 + BMI. Linear and categorical estimates for BMI were derived from separate models