Table 1 Study participant clinical and mitotic clock characteristics

Age (years), mean (SD) [median, range]

53.8 (6.7) [50, 50–67]

60.2 (5.7) [60, 51–69]

63.8 (6.7) [60, 60–77]

70.2 (5.7) [70, 61–79]

Body mass index (BMI), N (%)

Normal (18.5–25 kg/m²)

5 (45)

10 (59)

3 (26)

9 (53)

High (≥ 26 kg/m²)

6 (55)

7 (41)

8 (73)

8 (47)

Polyps, N (%)

Yes

7 (64)

4 (24)

1 (9)

7 (41)

No

4 (36)

13 (76)

10 (91)

10 (59)

Proximal EpiTOC (DNAm), mean (SD) [median, range]

0.15 (0.02) [0.15, 0.12–0.20]

0.17 (0.03) [0.18, 0.12–0.24]

0.17 (0.02) [0.17, 0.14–0.21]

0.18 (0.03) [0.18, 0.14–0.24]

Proximal EpiTOC2 (cell divisions), mean (SD) [median, range]

7861.8 (1139.1) [7922.8, 5974.4–10495.8]

8810.8 (1013.2) [9092.2, 7356.9–10777.2]

7356.9 (1013.4) [9051.5, 7356.9–10777.2]

9391.2 (1548.6) [9400.8, 7186.9–12625.6]

Proximal MiAge (cell divisions), mean (SD) [median, range]

1751.9 (273.4) [1723.6, 1298.6–2146.4]

1995.4 (296.4) [1989.1, 1615.3–2767.3]

1298.6 (207.3) [1955.7, 1546.2–2258.8]

2041.0 (269.0) [1983.7, 1531.8–2467.3]

Distal EpiTOC (DNAm), mean (SD) [median, range]

0.15 (0.02) [0.15, 0.11–0.17]

0.16 (0.03) [0.17, 0.11–0.21]

0.16 (0.02) [0.15, 0.12–0.20]

0.18 (0.03) [0.18, 0.13–0.22]

Distal EpiTOC2 (cell divisions), mean (SD) [median, range]

7657.6 (878.1) [7573.1, 5929.1–8909.5]

8589.4 (1422.9) [8611.8, 5963.6–10889.0]

8249.8 (1306.0) [8104.9, 6355.3–10751.5]

9516.0 (1460.0) [9638.1, 6612.1–11683.2]

Distal MiAge (cell divisions), mean (SD) [median, range]

1733.9 (230.1) [1671.9, 1463.8–2080.3]

1877.5 (316.2) [1980.9, 1281.2–2306.2]

1877.5 (316.2) [1901.2, 1281.2–2306.2]

2170.9 (307.4) [2157.2, 1643.2–2713.5]